It initiated the idea of "total war" - every citizen living within the boundaries of the Heavenly Kingdom was trained to fight, thus civilians on either side could expect no mercy from the opposing army. Qing forces were reorganised under the command of Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zongtang and Li Hongzhang, and the Qing reconquest began in earnest. [61], In every area which they captured, the Taiping immediately exterminated the entire Manchu population. [72], The rebels announced social reforms, including strict separation of the sexes, abolition of foot binding, land socialisation, and "suppression" of private trade. Lab Report #11 - I earned an A in this lab class. PEASANT REVOLTS IN CHINA, 18401949. 720 pages, Hardcover. [32][33][31] In 1847 Hong went to Guangzhou, where he studied the Bible with Issachar Jacox Roberts, an American Baptist missionary. The Taiping army was the rebellion's key strength. [5][6] Rather than supplanting the ruling class, the Taipings sought to upend the moral and social order of China. Taiping titles echoed Triad usage, whether consciously or not, which made it more attractive for Triads to join the movement. Because the Chinese do not have sufficient immunity to the "Christianity virus". | Privacy Policy As a Han subgroup, the Hakka were frequently marginalised economically and politically, having migrated to the regions which their descendants presently inhabit only after other Han groups were already established there. Hong Xiuquan declared that God would defend Nanjing, but in June 1864, with Qing forces approaching, he died of food poisoning as a consequence of eating wild vegetables when the city ran low on food supplies. Cambridge: The Hakka Odyssey & their Taiwan homeland Page 120 Clyde Kiang 1992, Purcell, Victor. However, the capture of Nanjing in that year led to a deterioration of relations between the Taiping rebels and the triads. The Taiping Rebellion was inwards many respects the hinge betwixt China's pre-modern together with modern histories. Routledge. Poetry is man's rebellion against being what he is. [50] Near the end of 1861 the Taipings launched a final Eastern Expedition. city was occupied by foreign powers, and the country was carved up by Shi Dakai's objection to the bloodshed led to his family and retinue being killed by Wei and Qin with Wei ultimately planning to imprison Hong. Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Red Turban Rebellion in China (1351-1368), Biography of Mao Zedong, Father of Modern China, J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. ThoughtCo, Aug. 25, 2020, thoughtco.com/what-was-the-taiping-rebellion-195606. [113] After Roberts arrived in Nanking in 1861 and met with Hong, he was commissioned by him as the director of foreign affairs. It broke out in 1851, a Han Chinese reaction against the Qing Dynasty, which was ethnically Manchu. [77] Munitions partially sourced from Western manufacturers and military stores were smuggled into China, mainly by English and Americans. The Ever-Victorious Army repulsed another attack on Shanghai in 1862 and helped to defend other treaty ports such as Ningbo, reclaimed on May 10. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. | Privacy Policy a rebellion against the Qing government. The Hui Ma Xiaoshi claimed that the Shaanxi Muslim rebellion was connected to the Taiping. [107], The defeat of the Taiping Rebellion by military forces from Hunan led to the dramatic increase of Hunanese representation in the government, who played a role in reform efforts. [73] In 1853, Hong Xiuquan invited American missionary Issachar Jacox Roberts to come to Nanking to aid in the administration of his government. Copyright 2023 Wise Famous Quotes. 111 Taiping Rebellion Photos and Premium High Res Pictures - Getty Images BROWSE Images Images Creative Editorial Video Creative Editorial FILTERS CREATIVE EDITORIAL VIDEO 111 Taiping Rebellion Premium High Res Photos Browse 111 taiping rebellion stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Because Zhuang communities were integrating with the Han at different rates, a certain amount of friction between the Han and the Zhuang was inevitable, with Zhuang unrest leading to armed uprisings on occasion.[80]. Some Taiping veterans joined the Revive China Society,[103] whose Christian members organized short-lived Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun in 1903. [118] According to Clarke, this refusal of cooperation and Taiping's occupation of Ningpo in December led to the limited intervention against the rebellion by the British and French in the following years. Poem on Executing the Evil and Preserving the Righteous. The Heavenly Kingdom also outlawed foot binding, based its civil service exams on the Bible instead of Confucian texts, used a lunar calendar rather than a solar one, and outlawed vices such as opium, tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and prostitution. [65][66] Du's forces led many non-Muslim forces, including Han Chinese, Li, Bai, and Hani peoples. Hong saw Confucianism was a shadow of its noble origin, being now a tool of the Qing to tyrannize Han people, libraries of the Confucian monasteries were destroyed (almost completely in the case of the Yangtze Delta area),[74] and the temples were often defaced or turned into temples of his new religion or hospitals and libraries. called the Boxers. Nanjing was put under siege and fell several. The only way to deal with an unfree world is to become so absolutely free that your very existence is an act of rebellion. Weakened severely by internal conflict, an attempted coup, and the failure of the siege of Beijing, the Taipings were defeated by decentralized, provincial armies such as the Xiang Army organized and commanded by Zeng Guofan. Parker J. Palmer, Idolizing virginity as a stand-in for women's morality means that nothing else matters- not what we accomplish, not what we think, not what we care about and work for. [90] On 27 October 1853, they crossed the Yellow River in T'sang-chou and murdered 10,000 Manchus.[91]. First, the Taiping rebellion went on for basically 20 years from when the first shots were fired to when the last remnants were crushed. Despite this horrific outcome, and the founder's millennial Christian inspiration, the Taiping Rebellion proved motivational for Mao Zedong's Red Army during the Chinese Civil War the following century. It lasted for some 14 years (1850-64), ravaged 17 provinces, took an estimated 20 million lives, and irrevocably altered the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12). Although keeping accurate records was something imperial China traditionally did very well, the decentralized nature of the imperial war effort (relying on regional forces) and the fact that the war was a civil war and therefore very chaotic, meant that reliable figures are impossible to find. The rebels were courageous under fire, erected defensive works quickly, and used mobile pontoon bridges. He issued proclamations, mostly of a religious nature, while the Machiavellian rebel general Yang Xiuqing took over military and political operations for the rebellion. [13] The Qing referred to the Taiping as Yue Bandits ( or ) in official sources, a reference to their origins in the southeastern province of Guangdong. Since the rebellion began in Guangxi, Qing forces allowed no rebels speaking its dialect to surrender. David Strand, and Ming K. Chan, "Militarism and Militarization in Modern Chinese History". : an American History, Leadership and management ATI The leader CASE 1, Philippine Politics and Governance W1 _ Grade 11/12 Modules SY. While suffering from a fever, Hong learned from a vision that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christand that he had a mission to rid China of Manchu rule and of Confucian ideas. The behave upon that this motility had on China, non only highlighted the breakdown of the traditional monastic tell but is also, considered yesteryear many scholars, to withdraw hold been to a greater extent than disastrous . It is no coincidence that Hong Xiuquan and the other Taiping royals were Hakka. All Rights Reserved. A coalition of Qing troops and Chinese soldiers under European officers defended the city, then set out to crush the rebellion in the southern provinces. [102], The Taiping example of insurgent organization and its mix of Christianity and radical social equality influenced Sun Yat-sen and other future revolutionaries. ", "Taipings and Triads: The Role of Religion in Inter-rebel Relations", "The limits of the Shanghai bridgehead: understanding British intervention in the Taiping rebellion 186062", Comparative Studies in Society and History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiping_Rebellion&oldid=1134264430, "Taiping [Great Peace] Heavenly Kingdom Movement". Just click the "Edit page" button at the bottom of the page or learn more in the Quotes submission guide. For example, "World war II" . Showing search results for "Taiping Rebellion" sorted by relevance. In Hunan, a local irregular army called the Xiang Army or Hunan Army, under the personal leadership of Zeng Guofan, became the main armed force fighting for the Qing against the Taiping. All Rights Reserved. Immediate Effects of the Rebellion. He was not waging his rebellion against Han Chinese, instead, he was anti-Qing and he wanted to destroy the Qing government. The Qing dynasty, essentially, was finished. On January 11, 1851, Hong declared himself the Heavenly King of the Heavenly Kingdom of Peace (or Taiping Heavenly Kingdom), from which comes the term "Taipings" commonly used for them in English language studies. [29] It was only then, prompted by a visit by his cousin, that Hong took time to carefully examine Christian pamphlets he had received from a Protestant Christian missionary several years earlier. The peasants, having suffered floods and famines in the late 1840s, were ripe for rebellion, which came under the leadership of Hong Xiuquan. [49] Shi Dakai was given control of five Taiping armies, which were consolidated into one. - St. Augustine John Dufresne, The world is in need of the unique purpose you were created for" [69] According to modern researchers,[70] the Dungan rebellion began in 1862, not as a planned uprising but as a coalescence of many local brawls and riots which were triggered by trivial causes, among these causes were false rumors that the Hui Muslims were aiding the Taiping rebels. My eyes see through beyond the west, the north, the rivers, and the mountains. The Taiping Rebellion (2017 Podcast Episode) Quotes It looks like we don't have any Quotes for this title yet. There were still several hundred thousand Taiping troops continuing the fight, with more than a quarter-million fighting in the border regions of Jiangxi and Fujian alone. Dingling was destroyed during a Qing campaign in 1868. The Taiping rebellion was enormous in every way: perhaps 20 million deaths, armies approaching a million soldiers, sustained Taiping control of large swatches of Chinese territory and cities, and an extended time duration of fighting (about fifteen years). These corps were placed into armies of varying sizes. The Taiping rebellion and the Western powers : a comprehensive survey / by: Teng, Ssu-y, 1906- Published: (1971) The Taiping . The Taipings began marching north in September 1851 to escape Qing forces closing in on them. It ranks as one of the bloodiest wars in human history, the bloodiest civil war, and the largest conflict of the 19th century. They also outlawed the importation of opium into all Taiping territories. [99] The traditional Manchu banner forces upon which the Qing dynasty depended failed and were gradually replaced with gentry-organized local armies. Taiping Rebellion Quotes & Sayings . The Hunanese gentry, based on their experience with the Taiping, were more guarded against the influence of Westerners than other provinces. History down through the centuries has proved again and again that there can be but one outcome to a struggle for selfish power against forces fighting to protect and advance human rights. After moving down the Yangtze River and recapturing the strategic city of Anqing, Zeng's forces besieged Nanjing during May, 1862. [68], The other Muslim rebellion, the Dungan revolt, was the reverse: it was not aiming to overthrow the Qing dynasty because its leader Ma Hualong had accepted an imperial title. The war has also been depicted in a few television shows and films. Those genuinely serving humanity always ultimately emerge triumphant. Enjoy reading and share 15 famous quotes about Taiping Rebellion with everyone. [11], In modern China, the war is often referred to as the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, due to the fact that the Taiping espoused a doctrine which was both nationalist and communist, and the Taiping represented a popular ideology which was based on either Han nationalism or protocommunist values. It lasted from 1850 to 1864, although following the fall of Tianjing (now Nanjing) the last rebel army was not wiped out until August 1871. [79], As early as 1853, foreigners from various countries joined the rebels in combat and administrative roles, and were in a position to observe the Taiping in battle. The Taiping rebels' early military success made them quite popular with the peasants of Guangxi, but their efforts to attract support from the middle-class landowners and from Europeans failed. My voice shakes the east, the south, the Sun, and the Moon. Copyright 2023 Famous Quotes & Sayings. Taiping forces successfully repulsed an attempted imperial reprisal by the Green Standard Army against the Jintian uprising. I think that that's what we were trying to do with 'Gigi.'. early , middle , and late. Rebels of the Heavenly Kingdom by Katherine Paterson is a young adult novel set during the Taiping Rebellion. The result was a shortage in labor supply for the first time in centuries, making labor relatively more valuable than land. Philip A. Kuhn, "The Taiping Rebellion," in John K. Fairbank, ed., This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 20:29. However, after 1853 there ceased being many women in the Taiping army. . According to P. Richard Bohr, this is a Woodblock print of an unidentified Taiping leader. [115], According to Clarke the Western missionaries changed their opinions upon further inspections of the rebellion. The Taiping Rebellion and its self-proclaimed messiah threatened the Qing dynasty's hold on China as the nation battled Europe in the Opium Wars. Szczepanski, Kallie. After fighting the bloodiest civil war in world history, with over 20 million dead, the established Qing government won decisively, although at a great price to its fiscal and political structure. Opposing the rebellion was an imperial army with over a million regulars and unknown thousands of regional militias and foreign mercenaries operating in support. 2 3 ratings0 reviews. [46][47], In 1853, Hong Xiuquan withdrew from active control of policies and administration to rule exclusively by written proclamations. TAIPING REBELLION (1851 - 1864) Introduction The Taiping Rebellion (1851 - 1864), which erupted over most of South and Central China in the middle of the 19th century, was the biggest peasant uprising in Chinese history and one of the greatest peasant rebellions in world history. The sixty million dead overall of the Second World War, including eleven million murdered in the Holocaust. He later became the second and last leader of the short-lived Republic of Formosa (5 June21 October 1895). Under the Taiping household registration system, one adult male from each household was to be conscripted into the Army. See also Trivia | Goofs | Crazy Credits | Alternate Versions | Connections | Soundtracks The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion and civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu -led Qing dynasty and the Han, Hakka -led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. interpretation of Christianity and sought to eliminate rampant corruption, Xiuquan and the Triads in T'sang-chou and murdered 10,000 Manchus. [ 91 ] Strand, and mobile... Poem on Executing the Evil and Preserving the Righteous poem on Executing the Evil and Preserving the Righteous east... 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